Created Wednesday 13 May 2026
Here is the detailed report of errors and suggested corrections, listed per item starting at 1.
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1. Fragment: "The Keynesian welfare state for example."
- Error Type: Sentence Fragment.
- Explanation: This is a dependent clause or phrase punctuated as a complete sentence. It lacks a main verb and does not form a complete thought on its own.
- Correction: Connect it to the previous or following sentence.
- *Option A (Connect to previous):* "...prevailing neoclassical ideas, the Keynesian welfare state, for example, which itself was a reaction..."
- *Option B (Connect to following):* "The Keynesian welfare state, for example, was itself a reaction..."
2. Punctuation: "a reaction to the failings of laissez-faire capitalism and the resistance it was creating"
- Error Type: Vague Pronoun Reference (Stylistic/Clarity).
- Explanation: The pronoun "it" could technically refer to "laissez-faire capitalism" or "the failings." The intended meaning is likely the system of capitalism.
- Correction: For absolute clarity, rephrase. "...laissez-faire capitalism and the resistance that system was creating..."
3. Article and Hyphenation: "a Europe based association"
- Error Type: Indefinite Article and Compound Adjective.
- Explanation: "Europe" begins with a consonant sound ("y"), so the article should be "a," which is correct. However, "Europe-based" requires a hyphen when used as a compound adjective before a noun.
- Correction: "...a home in a Europe-based association..."
4. Punctuation: "Founded by its most well known economist F.A. Hayek, of the Austrian School."
- Error Type: Sentence Fragment, Comma Splice, Punctuation.
- Explanation: This is a past-participial phrase acting as a sentence fragment. It should be connected to the previous sentence. Also, "well known" should be hyphenated, and the final phrase "of the Austrian School" creates a stilted structure.
- Correction: "...Mont Pèlerin Society (MPS) in 1947, founded by its most well-known economist, F.A. Hayek of the Austrian School."
5. Spelling/Diction: "banded about"
- Error Type: Eggcorn (Incorrect Word Usage).
- Explanation: The correct idiom is "bandied about," meaning to be discussed or mentioned frequently in a casual way. "Banded about" is a common error.
- Correction: "...whose quotes are still often bandied about by friend and foe."
6. Word Choice: "cannon"
- Error Type: Malapropism (Incorrect Word Usage).
- Explanation: "Cannon" is a large, heavy gun. The intended word is "canon," meaning an established body of principles or works.
- Correction: "...not one neoliberal academic defines the canon of neoliberal thought."
7. Punctuation and Word Choice: "the latter to flourish free from a Demos whose views would constrain it."
- Error Type: Unnecessary Capitalization and Ambiguous Reference.
- Explanation: "Demos" is not a proper noun in this context (like "the people") and should not be capitalized. The pronoun "it" has an ambiguous antecedent, possibly referring to "the market," "the environment," or "the latter."
- Correction: "...to flourish free from a demos whose views would constrain the market."
8. Punctuation: "Though within the field opinion ranged on how to implement the vision: a characteristic of the field."
- Error Type: Comma Splice / Missing Comma and Stylistic Punctuation.
- Explanation: An introductory dependent clause ("Though within the field...") requires a comma after it. The colon is used oddly; a semicolon or separate sentence would be more standard.
- Correction: "Though, within the field opinion ranged on how to implement the vision—a characteristic of the field."
9. Word Choice: "having a disliking for"
- Error Type: Non-Standard Gerund Usage.
- Explanation: "Disliking" is grammatically a word, but the noun form "dislike" is the standard and more natural choice after "having a."
- Correction: "...particularly have a dislike for neoclassicalists and Marxists."
10. Logic/Phrasing: "along with hating society in general"
- Error Type: Stylistic/Register.
- Explanation: This hyperbolic and informal aside feels out of place in an academic tone.
- Correction: (Recommend rewriting for a more formal register). "...neoliberals, skeptical of society-wide social engineering in general, particularly dislike..."
11. Parenthetical Citation Format: "(Brennetot)"
- Error Type: Missing Year (Citation Style).
- Explanation: Standard author-date citation styles (like APA or Harvard) require the year of publication. Even a less formal style usually includes it.
- Correction: "...the new trend (Brennetot, 20XX)."
12. Sentence Structure: "By the 1960s the roots of the contemporary neoliberal state emerged in Germany post-World War II (WWII) under the tutelage of a group known as the ordoliberalists."
- Error Type: Chronological Mismatch.
- Explanation: The sentence states the *roots* emerged in the 1960s, but the group tutelage would have started earlier. Post-WWII is the late 1940s. The roots emerged post-WWII, not in the 1960s.
- Correction: "Post-World War II (WWII), the roots of the contemporary neoliberal state emerged in Germany under the tutelage of a group known as the ordoliberalists."
13. Spelling: "pormoting"
- Error Type: Typographical Error.
- Explanation: A simple misspelling.
- Correction: "...promoting individual economic activity..."
14. Capitalization and Style: "Mirowksi" and "Mirowski"
- Error Type: Inconsistent Spelling.
- Explanation: The name is spelled "Mirowksi" here but "Mirowski" later. One is a typo.
- Correction: "One technique, that Mirowski calls..." (Assuming this is the correct spelling, as it's a known scholar's name).
15. Comma Usage: "One technique, that Mirowksi calls "double truth precepts", emerged..."
- Error Type: Restrictive Clause Punctuation.
- Explanation: The clause "that Mirowski calls..." is restrictive (essential to defining *which* technique). Restrictive clauses should not be set off with commas. Also, in US English, the comma goes inside the quotation marks.
- Correction: "One technique that Mirowski calls "double truth precepts" emerged..."
16. Phrasing: "the developing economic order"
- Error Type: Ambiguity.
- Explanation: "Developing" could mean the economic order of the developing world, or the economic order that is currently unfolding. Context suggests the latter.
- Correction: "...implications for understanding the ongoing development of the economic order. "
17. Spelling: "staring in the 1970s"
- Error Type: Typographical Error.
- Explanation: "Staring" means to look fixedly. The intended word is "starting."
- Correction: "First, starting in the 1970s..."
18. Duplicate Word: "the ending of of Import Substitution Industrialisation"
- Error Type: Duplicate Preposition.
- Explanation: "of" is typed twice.
- Correction: "...the ending of Import Substitution Industrialisation..."
19. Spelling: "polices"
- Error Type: Typographical Error.
- Explanation: "Polices" is a verb meaning to enforce order. The intended word is "policies."
- Correction: "...a specific set of ultraliberal policies..."
20. Capitalization: "anti-globalist movement"
- Error Type: Inconsistent Capitalization (Minor).
- Explanation: Later, "anti-globalisation" is used. Ensure consistent spelling (UK vs. US English) and capitalization. Standard usage is lowercase.
- Correction: "...by the anti-globalist movement..." (and later, stick to either "globalist" or "globalisation").
21. Grammar: "stronger then ever"
- Error Type: Incorrect Comparative Conjunction.
- Explanation: "Then" refers to time. The intended word for comparison is "than."
- Correction: "The state is stronger than ever..."
22. Spelling: "misnomers"
- Error Type: Incorrect Word Usage.
- Explanation: A "misnomer" is an incorrect name, not a mistaken idea. The intended word is "misconceptions" or "mistakes."
- Correction: "Below are three other misconceptions that have emerged."
23. Italics/Formatting: "A brief history of Neoliberalism"
- Error Type: Title Formatting and Capitalization.
- Explanation: Book titles should be italicized. Standard title case capitalizes major words.
- Correction: "...in his *A Brief History of Neoliberalism*..."
24. Possessive Form: "anti-globalists tomes"
- Error Type: Missing Apostrophe.
- Explanation: The tomes belong to the anti-globalists (plural possessive).
- Correction: "...one of the most referenced anti-globalists' tomes..."
25. Quotation Mark: "the "neoliberal turn."
- Error Type: Unclosed Quotation.
- Explanation: The opening quotation mark before "neoliberal" is missing its closing mark.
- Correction: "...he calls the "neoliberal turn." "
26. Sentence Fragment: "Yet. they emerged in the late 1940s..."
- Error Type: Punctuation/Fragment.
- Explanation: The period after "Yet" creates a fragment. It should be a comma.
- Correction: "Yet, they emerged in the late 1940s..."
27. Spelling: "business men"
- Error Type: Compound Word.
- Explanation: The standard modern compound is the closed form.
- Correction: "...driven by lawyers and businessmen..."
28. Title/Data: "United States Government Spending To GDP1970-2018 Data"
- Error Type: Stylistic/Informational Tag and Missing Space.
- Explanation: This appears to be a title or caption for a missing figure. It lacks formatting and has a missing space ("GDP1970").
- Correction: United States Government Spending to GDP (1970-2018 Data) (and ensure it is clearly captioned as a figure).
29. Duplicate Word: "since since the late 1970s"
- Error Type: Duplicate Word.
- Explanation: "since" is written twice.
- Correction: "...has been “under attack” since the late 1970s..."
30. Repetitive/Unclear: "the regulation and creation of new markets as opposed to the population though welfare spending."
- Error Type: Unclear Syntax.
- Explanation: The phrase "as opposed to the population" is awkwardly placed and doesn't grammatically pair with "the regulation and creation." The word "though" at the end seems like a typo for "through."
- Correction: "...shifted the spending to the regulation and creation of new markets, as opposed to direct welfare transfers to the population."
31. Capitalization: "Neoliberals" and "Neoliberal"
- Error Type: Inconsistent Capitalization.
- Explanation: "Neoliberals" and "Neoliberal" are capitalized mid-sentence in the Krugman paragraph, inconsistent with the rest of the text. Political/economic ideologies are lowercase unless in a proper noun.
- Correction: "...Thatcher and Reagan were both conservatives whose policies overlapped with neoliberal ones."
32. Stray Text/Label: "Thatcher & reagan"
- Error Type: Unformatted Figure Label/Caption.
- Explanation: This looks like a placeholder for an image or a caption and disrupts the text flow. "&" is an HTML entity for "&". "reagan" is incorrectly capitalized.
- Correction: Format properly as a figure caption (e.g., "Figure X. Thatcher & Reagan") or remove if it’s a note.
33. Numbering Consistency: "While, third, the ultraliberal policy..."
- Error Type: Punctuation.
- Explanation: The comma placement is awkward, breaking the flow after the conjunction. This point is also introduced with "While," making it a dependent clause, unlike the previous points.
- Correction: "Third, the ultraliberal policy..." (to match the structure of the first two points).
34. Capitalization: "Laissez-faire model"
- Error Type: Inconsistent Capitalization.
- Explanation: It was "laissez-faire capitalism" earlier (lowercase). Maintain consistency.
- Correction: "...the collapse of the laissez-faire model..."